httphpvd:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OFuXXqejgRc<\/p>\n

Colonial Treaties Affecting Nile Water Use<\/h3>\n

Colonial treaties have resulted in inequitable rights to the use of Nile water between the countries of the Nile Basin.<\/p>\n

\n
• April 15, 1891 \u2013 Article III of the Anglo-Italian Protocol. Article III states that “the Italian government engages not to construct on the Atbara River, in view of irrigation, any work which might sensibly modify its flow into the Nile”. The language used in this article was too vague to provide clear property rights or rights to the use of water.<\/li>\n
• May 15, 1902 \u2013 Article III of the\u00a0Treaty between Great Britain and Ethiopia<\/span>. Article three states \u201cHis Majesty the Emperor Menilik II, King of Kings of Ethiopia, engages himself towards the Government of His Britannic Majesty not to construct or allow to be constructed any work across the Blue Nile, Lake Tana, or the Sobat, which would arrest the flow of their waters except in agreement with His Britannic Majesty\u2019s Government and the Government of Sudan” This agreement has become one of the most contested agreements over the use of the Nile waters.<\/li>\n
• May 9, 1906 \u2013 Article III of the\u00a0Agreement between Britain and the Government of the Independent State of the Congo<\/span>. Article III states “The Government of the independent state of the Congo undertakes not to construct, or allow to be constructed, any work over or near the Semliki or Isango river which would diminish the volume of water entering Lake Albert except in agreement with the Sudanese Government”. Belgium signed this agreement on behalf of the Congo despite the agreement favoring only the downstream users of the Nile waters and restricting the people of the Congo from accessing their part of the Nile.<\/li>\n
• December 13, 1906 \u2013 Article 4(a) of the Tripartite Treaty (Britain-France-Italy). Article 4(a) states \u201cTo act together… to safeguard; … the interests of Great Britain and Egypt in the Nile Basin, more especially as regards the regulation of the waters of that river and its tributaries (due consideration being paid to local interests) without prejudice to Italian interests”. This treaty, in effect, denied Ethiopia its sovereign right over the use of its own water. Ethiopia has rejected the treaty their military and political power was not sufficient to regain its use of the Nile water.<\/li>\n
• The 1925 exchange of notes between Britain and Italy concerning Lake Tana which states “…Italy recognizes the prior hydraulic rights of Egypt and the Sudan… not to construct on the head waters of the Blue Nile and the White Nile (the Sobat) and their tributaries and effluents any work which might sensibly modify their flow into the main river.” Ethiopia opposed the agreement and notified both parties of its objections:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  “To the Italian government: The fact that you have come to an agreement, and the fact that you have thought it necessary to give us a joint notification of that agreement, make it clear that your intention is to exert pressure, and this in our view, at once raises a previous question. This question which calls for preliminary examination, must therefore be laid before the League of Nations.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

  “To the British government: The British Government has already entered into negotiations with the Ethiopian Government in regard to its proposal, and we had imagined that, whether that proposal was carried into effect or not, the negotiations would have been concluded with us; we would never have suspected that the British Government would come to an agreement with another Government regarding our Lake.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

  \n
  • May 7, 1929 \u2013 The Agreement between Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. This agreement included:\n
    \n
    • Egypt and Sudan utilize 48 and 4 billion cubic meters of the Nile flow per year, respectively;<\/li>\n
    • The flow of the Nile during January 20 to July 15 (dry season) would be reserved for Egypt;<\/li>\n
    • Egypt reserves the right to monitor the Nile flow in the upstream countries;<\/li>\n
    • Egypt assumed the right to undertake Nile river related projects without the consent of upper riparian states.<\/li>\n
    • Egypt assumed the right to veto any construction projects that would affect her interests adversely.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      In effect, this agreement gave Egypt complete control over the Nile during the dry season when water is most needed for agricultural irrigation. It also severely limits the amount of water allotted Sudan and provides no water to any of the other riparian states.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

      \n
      • The 1959 Nile agreement between the Sudan and Egypt for full control utilization of the Nile waters. This agreement included:\n
        \n
        • The controversy on the quantity of average annual Nile flow was settled and agreed to be about 84 billion cubic meters measured at Aswan High Dam, in Egypt.<\/li>\n
        • The agreement allowed the entire average annual flow of the Nile to be shard among the Sudan and Egypt at 18.5 and 55.5 billion cubic meters, respectively.<\/li>\n
        • Annual water loss due to evaporation and other factors were agreed to be about 10 billion cubic meters. This quantity would be deducted from the Nile yield before share was assigned to Egypt and Sudan.<\/li>\n
        • Sudan, in agreement with Egypt, would construct projects that would enhance the Nile flow by preventing evaporation losses in the Sudd swamps of the White Nile located in the southern Sudan. The cost and benefit of same to be divided equally between them. If claim would come from the remaining riparian countries over the Nile water resource, both the Sudan and Egypt shall, together, handle the claims.<\/li>\n
        • If the claim prevails and the Nile water has to be shared with another riparian state, that allocated amount would be deducted from the Sudan\u2019s and Egypt\u2019s and allocations\/shares in equal parts of Nile volume measured at Aswan.<\/li>\n
        • The agreement granted Egypt the right to constructs the Aswan High Dam that can store the entire annual Nile River flow of a year.<\/li>\n
        • It granted the Sudan to construct the Rosaries Dam on the Blue Nile and, to develop other irrigation and hydroelectric power generation until it fully utilizes its Nile share.<\/li>\n
        • A Permanent Joint Technical Commission to be established to secure the technical cooperation between them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          httpvhd:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gD9a7YF9x9w<\/p>\n

          Storms lie ahead over future of Nile<\/h4>\n

          Jeevan Vasagar, <\/strong>
          \nA battle for control over the Nile has broken out between Egypt, which regards the world’s longest river as its lifeblood, and the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, which complain that they are denied a fair share of its water.<\/p>\n

          In the latest escalation in the dispute, which some observers believe could lead to a new conflict in east Africa, Tanzania has announced plans to build a 105-mile pipeline drawing water from Lake Victoria, which feeds the Nile. The project flouts a treaty giving Egypt a right of veto over any work which might threaten the flow of the river.<\/p>\n

          The\u00a0Nile Water Agreement<\/strong> of\u00a01929<\/strong>, granting Egypt the lion’s share of the Nile waters, has been criticised by east African countries as a colonial relic. Under the treaty, Egypt is guaranteed access to 55.5bn cubic metres of water, out of a total of 84bn cubic metres.<\/p>\n

          The Egyptian water minister, Mahmoud Abu-Zeid, recently described Kenya’s intention to withdraw from the agreement as an “act of war”. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the former secretary-general of the UN, has predicted that the next war in the region will be over water.<\/p>\n

          The Nile treaty, which Britain signed on behalf of its east African colonies, forbids any projects that could threaten the volume of water reaching Egypt. The agreement also gives Cairo the right to inspect the entire length of the Nile.<\/p>\n

          It has been gravely resented by east African countries since they won their independence. Kenya and Tanzania suffer recurrent droughts caused by inadequate rainfall, deforestation and soil erosion. The proposed Lake Victoria pipeline is expected to benefit more than 400,000 people in towns and villages in the arid north-west of Tanzania.<\/p>\n

          “These are people with no water,” said the Tanzanian water minister, Edward Lowasa. “How can we do nothing when we have this lake just sitting there?”<\/p>\n

          The Nile, which is over 4,000 miles long, is fed by the White Nile, flowing from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile, flowing from Ethiopia.<\/p>\n

          An estimated 160 million people in 10 countries depend on the river and its tributaries for their livelihoods. Within the next 25 years, the population in the Nile basin is expected to double, and there is a growing demand to harness the river for agricultural and industrial development.<\/p>\n

          The Ugandan commentator Charles Onyango-Obbo wrote recently: “Egypt can’t enjoy the benefits of having access to the sea, while blocking a landlocked country like Uganda from profiting from the fact that it sits at the source of the Nile.”<\/p>\n

          While east African countries are eager to make greater use of the river, Egypt fears any threat to its lifeblood. Most of Egypt’s population lives in the Nile valley – on 4% of the country’s land – and any fall in the water level could be disastrous.<\/p>\n

          Diplomacy<\/p>\n

          The Nile treaty was drawn up at a time when Egypt was a British satellite, regarded as strategically crucial by London because of the Suez canal, which controlled access to India.<\/p>\n

          The agreement is now in effect enforced by international donors, who are reluctant to advance funds for major river projects that will upset Egypt, a key Arab ally of the US in the Middle East.<\/p>\n

          Sub-Saharan countries cannot match Egypt’s diplomatic clout, but they face a dilemma as a major untapped resource rolls through their territories.<\/p>\n

          “We have reached a stage where all the Nile basin countries are confronted by domestic development challenges,” said Halifa Drammeh, a deputy director of the United Nations environment programme. “How many people have access to safe water? How many have access to sanitation?<\/p>\n

          “There is a tremendous pressure on these governments to sustain the needs of their populations, and to raise their standard of living.<\/p>\n

          “After all, there is nothing we can do in life without water. Wherever there is sharing, there is potential for conflict.”<\/p>\n

          Work is due to begin on Tanzania’s pipeline project next month, and it is due to be finished late next year.<\/p>\n

          The Tanzanian government has said the pipeline is not intended for irrigation, which requires large quantities of water, but for domestic use and livestock. It will initially benefit more than 400,000 people, but this number is expected to rise above 900,000 in the next two decades.<\/p>\n

          Kenya plans a conference of the Nile basin countries in March to seek a peaceful solution to the dispute.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          There is no Egypt without The Nile!!! ——————– ——————– “The Nile would be\u00a0sufficient\u00a0to punish you, since God has put in our power its foundation, its outlets and its increase and that we can dispose of the same to do you harm.”(King of kings Tekelehymanot I 1706-1708)in Stigma, Muse Tegegne,1993) httpvhd:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rPtKshTYkiY The Anglo Italian protocol signed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":54,"featured_media":11260,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[239,32,9,250,209,123,122,121,109,12,7],"tags":[251],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/05\/076.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2539"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/54"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2539"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2539\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11260"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2539"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2539"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ethiopianism.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2539"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}